1. Which command is used to list files in the current directory?
– a) ls
– b) list
– c) dir
– d) show
– Answer: a) ls
2. How do you display the current working directory?
– a) pwd
– b) cwd
– c) dir
– d) ls -d
– Answer: a) pwd
3. Which command is used to create a new directory?
– a) newdir
– b) makedir
– c) mkdir
– d) createdir
– Answer: c) mkdir
4. How do you remove a file in Bash?
– a) del
– b) rm
– c) erase
– d) remove
– Answer: b) rm
5. Which command is used to copy files?
– a) cp
– b) copy
– c) mv
– d) duplicate
– Answer: a) cp
6. What is the command to move or rename files?
– a) mv
– b) move
– c) rename
– d) cp -m
– Answer: a) mv
7. How do you display the content of a file?
– a) display
– b) show
– c) cat
– d) view
– Answer: c) cat
8. What command shows the last few lines of a file?
– a) tail
– b) end
– c) bottom
– d) last
– Answer: a) tail
9. Which command is used to view the beginning of a file?
– a) head
– b) start
– c) top
– d) begin
– Answer: a) head*
10. How do you search for a specific pattern in a file?
– a) search
– b) find
– c) grep
– d) look
– Answer: c) grep
11. What command is used to change file permissions?
– a) chmod
– b) chperm
– c) chown
– d) perm
– Answer: a) chmod
12. Which command is used to change the owner of a file?
– a) chown
– b) chperm
– c) chmod
– d) owner
– Answer: a) chown*
13. How can you display disk usage of files and directories?
– a) du
– b) df
– c) diskusage
– d) disku
– Answer: a) du*
14. Which command can be used to find the location of an executable?
– a) which
– b) where
– c) locate
– d) find
– Answer: a) which
15. Which command is used to display or set the system’s hostname?
– a) hostname
– b) sysname
– c) hostconfig
– d) namesys
– Answer: a) hostname
16. What is the command to check the current user’s username?
– a) whoami
– b) username
– c) user
– d) me
– Answer: a) whoami
17. How do you search for files in a directory hierarchy?
– a) find
– b) search
– c) locate
– d) searchfile
– Answer: a) find
18. What command is used to concatenate and display files?
– a) cat
– b) concat
– c) join
– d) display
– Answer: a) cat
19. How do you search for a file in the current directory?
– a) ls | grep filename
– b) find . -name filename
– c) search filename
– d) locate filename
– Answer: b) find . -name filename
20. Which command lists the files with detailed information?
– a) ls -l
– b) ls -d
– c) list -d
– d) lsd
– Answer: a) ls -l
21. How do you define a variable in Bash?
– a) var name=value
– b) variable name=value
– c) name=value
– d) define name=value
– Answer: c) name=value
22. How do you access the value of a variable named `myvar`?
– a) $myvar
– b) myvar$
– c) ${myvar}
– d) both a and c
– Answer: d) both a and c
23. Which command lists all environment variables?
– a) env
– b) set
– c) export
– d) listenv
– Answer: a) env
24. How do you make a variable available to sub-shells?
– a) declare myvar
– b) global myvar
– c) export myvar
– d) env myvar
– Answer: c) export myvar
25. What is the correct syntax to assign the output of a command to a variable?
– a) var=$(command)
– b) var=command
– c) var={command}
– d) var=exec command
– Answer: a) var=$(command)
26. Which of the following is used to remove a variable in Bash?
– a) delete varname
– b) remove varname
– c) unset varname
– d) clear varname
– Answer: c) unset varname
27. How do you create a read-only variable in Bash?
– a) readonly varname
– b) const varname
– c) declare -r varname
– d) both a and c
– Answer: d) both a and c
28. What is the default value of an uninitialized variable in Bash?
– a) null
– b) undefined
– c) empty string
– d) 0
– Answer: c) empty string
29. How can you append text to a variable in Bash?
– a) var=$var”text”
– b) var=${var}text
– c) var+=”text”
– d) both b and c
– Answer: d) both b and c
30. How do you check if a variable named `var` is set?
– a) [ -z “$var” ]
– b) [ -n “$var” ]
– c) [ ! -z “$var” ]
– d) [ -s “$var” ]
– Answer: b) [ -n “$var” ]
31. Which of the following is the correct syntax for an if-else statement in Bash?
– a) if [ condition ] then; commands; fi
– b) if [ condition ]; then commands; else commands; fi
– c) if condition; then commands; else commands; end
– d) if (condition); then commands; else commands; fi
– Answer: b) if [ condition ]; then commands; else commands; fi
32. How do you check if a file exists in Bash?
– a) if [ -e filename ]
– b) if [ -f filename ]
– c) if [ -d filename ]
– d) if [ -x filename ]
– Answer: a) if [ -e filename ]
33. Which operator is used to check if two strings are equal in Bash?
– a) ==
– b) =
– c) -eq
– d) -is
– Answer: b) =
34. How do you check if a variable `var` is not empty in Bash?
– a) if [ -z “$var” ]
– b) if [ -n “$var” ]
– c) if [ ! -z “$var” ]
– d) if [ “$var” != “” ]
– Answer: b) if [ -n “$var” ]
35. Which of the following is used to check if a number is greater than another in Bash?
– a) if [ num1 > num2 ]
– b) if [ num1 -gt num2 ]
– c) if (( num1 > num2 ))
– d) both b and c
– Answer: d) both b and c
36. What is the correct syntax for an if-elif-else statement in Bash?
– a) if [ condition1 ]; then commands; elif [ condition2 ]; then commands; else commands; fi
– b) if [ condition1 ] then commands elif [ condition2 ] then commands else commands fi
– c) if (condition1) then commands; elif (condition2) then commands; else commands; fi
– d) if [ condition1 ]; then commands; else if [ condition2 ]; then commands; else commands; fi
– Answer: a) if [ condition1 ]; then commands; elif [ condition2 ]; then commands; else commands; fi
37. How do you negate a condition in Bash?
– a) if ![ condition ]
– b) if [ not condition ]
– c) if [ ! condition ]
– d) if [ -not condition ]
– Answer: c) if [ ! condition ]
38. Which operator is used to check if a variable is equal to a specific value in a Bash arithmetic condition?
– a) -eq
– b) =
– c) ==
– d) -is
– Answer: a) -eq
39. How do you combine multiple conditions in a single if statement in Bash?
– a) if [ condition1 ] && [ condition2 ]
– b) if [ condition1 ] || [ condition2 ]
– c) if [[ condition1 && condition2 ]]
– d) both a and c
– Answer: d) both a and c
40. Which of the following checks if a directory exists in Bash?
– a) if [ -e directory ]
– b) if [ -d directory ]
– c) if [ -f directory ]
– d) if [ -x directory ]
– Answer: b) if [ -d directory ]*
41. Which of the following is the correct syntax for a for loop in Bash?
– a) for item in list; do commands; done
– b) for (item in list) { commands; }
– c) foreach item in list { commands; }
– d) loop item in list { commands; }
– Answer: a) for item in list; do commands; done
42. How do you create a while loop in Bash?
– a) while condition do commands done
– b) while (condition) { commands }
– c) while [ condition ]; do commands; done
– d) while [ condition ]: do commands done
– Answer: c) while [ condition ]; do commands; done
43. Which keyword is used to exit a loop early in Bash?
– a) exit
– b) break
– c) stop
– d) continue
– Answer: b) break
44. How do you skip the current iteration and continue with the next iteration of a loop in Bash?
– a) skip
– b) continue
– c) next
– d) pass
– Answer: b) continue
45. What is the output of the following Bash script?
“`bash
For I in 1 2 3; do
Echo $i
Done
“`
– a) 123
– b) 1 2 3
– c) 1
2
3
– d) Error
– Answer: c) 1
2
3
46. Which of the following is the correct way to write an infinite loop in Bash?
– a) while [ true ]; do commands; done
– b) while true; do commands; done
– c) for (( ; ; )); do commands; done
– d) all of the above
– Answer: d) all of the above
47. How do you write a C-style for loop in Bash?
– a) for (i=0; i<n; i++); do commands; done
– b) for I in 0..n; do commands; done
– c) for (( i=0; i<n; i++ )); do commands; done
– d) for I from 0 to n; do commands; done
– Answer: c) for (( i=0; i<n; i++ )); do commands; done
48. Which of the following can be used to iterate over the lines of a file in Bash?
– a) for line in $(cat file); do commands; done
– b) while read line; do commands; done < file
– c) for line in `cat file`; do commands; done
– d) both b and c
– Answer: d) both b and c
49. What is the output of the following Bash script?
“`bash
For I in {1..5}; do
If [ $i -eq 3 ]; then
Break
Fi
Echo $i
Done
“`
– a) 1 2 3
– b) 1 2
– c) 1 2 3 4 5
– d) 3 4 5
– Answer: b) 1 2
50. How do you iterate over a range of numbers from 1 to 10 in steps of 2 in Bash?
– a) for I in {1..10..2}; do commands; done
– b) for (( i=1; i<=10; i+=2 )); do commands; done
– c) for I in $(seq 1 2 10); do commands; done
– d) both b and c
– Answer: d) both b and c
51. How do you access the first command line argument in a Bash script?
– a) $0
– b) $1
– c) $@
– d) $#
– Answer: b) $1
52. Which variable contains the name of the script itself?
– a) $0
– b) $1
– c) $2
– d) $*
– Answer: a) $0
53. How do you access all command line arguments passed to a Bash script?
– a) $*
– b) $@
– c) both a and b
– d) $#
– Answer: c) both a and b
54. Which variable holds the number of command line arguments passed to a script?
– a) $0
– b) $*
– c) $@
– d) $#
– Answer: d) $#
55. What is the output of the following script if run as `./script.sh arg1 arg2`?
“`bash
Echo $2
“`
– a) arg1
– b) arg2
– c) script.sh
– d) Error
– Answer: b) arg2
56. Which of the following is used to loop through all command line arguments in a Bash script?
– a) for arg in $*; do echo $arg; done
– b) for arg in $@; do echo $arg; done
– c) for arg in $@; do echo $1; done
– d) both a and b
– Answer: d) both a and b
57. What is the result of the following script if run as `./script.sh “arg 1” arg2`?
“`bash
For arg in “$@”; do echo $arg; done
“`
A) arg
1
Arg2
B) “arg 1”
Arg2
C) arg 1
Arg2
– d) Error
– Answer: c) arg 1
Arg2
58. How do you check if at least one command line argument was passed to a script?
– a) if [ $# -gt 0 ]
– b) if [ $* -ne 0 ]
– c) if [ $# -ge 1 ]
– d) both a and c
– Answer: d) both a and c
59. What is the output of the following script if no arguments are passed?
“`bash
Echo $1
“`
– a) 0
– b) 1
– c) nothing (empty output)
– d) Error
– Answer: c) nothing (empty output)
60. Which special parameter is used to shift the positional parameters to the left in a Bash script?
– a) move
– b) shift
– c) pop
– d) push
– Answer: b) shift
61. Which command is used to read a file line by line in Bash?
– a) while read line; do commands; done < filename
– b) for line in $(cat filename); do commands; done
– c) readfile filename
– d) read < filename
– Answer: a) while read line; do commands; done < filename
62. What is the correct syntax to write “Hello World” to a file named `output.txt`?
– a) echo “Hello World” > output.txt
– b) write “Hello World” > output.txt
– c) cat “Hello World” > output.txt
– d) print “Hello World” > output.txt
– Answer: a) echo “Hello World” > output.txt
63. How do you append “Goodbye World” to the end of `output.txt` without overwriting it?
– a) echo “Goodbye World” > output.txt
– b) echo “Goodbye World” >> output.txt
– c) cat “Goodbye World” >> output.txt
– d) append “Goodbye World” >> output.txt
– Answer: b) echo “Goodbye World” >> output.txt
64. Which command can be used to display the content of a file?
– a) cat
– b) show
– c) read
– d) display
– Answer: a) cat
65. What is the output of the following script if `input.txt` contains three lines: “line1”, “line2”, “line3”?
“`bash
While IFS= read -r line; do
Echo $line
Done < input.txt
“`
– a) line1 line2 line3
– b) line1
Line2
Line3
– c) “line1” “line2” “line3”
– d) Error
– Answer: b) line1
Line2
Line3
66. How do you count the number of lines in a file named `file.txt`?
– a) wc -l file.txt
– b) count -l file.txt
– c) lines file.txt
– d) nl file.txt
– Answer: a) wc -l file.txt
67. Which command is used to read the first 10 lines of a file?
– a) head file.txt
– b) first file.txt
– c) top file.txt
– d) read -n 10 file.txt
– Answer: a) head file.txt
68. How do you read the last 10 lines of a file?
– a) tail file.txt
– b) last file.txt
– c) end file.txt
– d) read -n -10 file.txt
– Answer: a) tail file.txt
69. Which command can be used to create an empty file if it does not exist, or update the timestamp if it does exist?
– a) touch filename
– b) create filename
– c) update filename
– d) timestamp filename
– Answer: a) touch filename
70. What does the following command do?
“`bash
Cat file1.txt file2.txt > merged.txt
“`
– a) Displays the contents of both file1.txt and file2.txt
– b) Merges the contents of file1.txt and file2.txt into merged.txt
– c) Appends the contents of file2.txt to file1.txt
– d) Copies the contents of file1.txt to file2.txt
– Answer: b) Merges the contents of file1.txt and file2.txt into merged.txt
71. Which of the following is the correct syntax for command substitution in Bash?
– a) `$(command)`
– b) `command`
– c) `${command}`
– d) `{{command}}`
– Answer: a) `$(command)`
72. What is the output of the following script?
“`bash
Echo “Today is $(date +%A)”
“`
– a) Today is (date +%A)
– b) Today is date +%A
– c) Today is Monday
– d) Today is (the actual day of the week)
– Answer: d) Today is (the actual day of the week)
73. How do you capture the output of a command into a variable in Bash?
– a) var=$(command)
– b) var=`command`
– c) var=${command}
– d) both a and b
– Answer: d) both a and b
74. Which substitution syntax is used to get the length of a variable in Bash?
– a) ${#var}
– b) ${var#}
– c) $(#var)
– d) $(var#)
– Answer: a) ${#var}
75. What does the following substitution do?
“`bash
${var:=default}
“`
– a) Sets var to “default” if var is unset or null, and returns the value of var
– b) Always sets var to “default”
– c) Checks if var is set and returns “default” if it is
– d) Sets var to “default” and returns nothing
– Answer: a) Sets var to “default” if var is unset or null, and returns the value of var
76. Which substitution removes the shortest match of a pattern from the start of a variable’s value?
– a) ${var#pattern}
– b) ${var##pattern}
– c) ${var%pattern}
– d) ${var%%pattern}
– Answer: a) ${var#pattern}
77. How do you perform arithmetic substitution in Bash?
– a) $((expression))
– b) ${expression}
– c) $(expression)
– d) ((expression))
– Answer: a) $((expression))
78. What does `${var:-default}` do in Bash?
– a) Sets var to “default”
– b) Uses “default” if var is unset or null, without changing var
– c) Uses “default” if var is set, without changing var
– d) Appends “default” to var
– Answer: b) Uses “default” if var is unset or null, without changing var
79. How do you substitute all occurrences of a substring within a variable in Bash?
– a) ${var//pattern/replacement}
– b) ${var/pattern/replacement}
– c) ${var%%pattern/replacement}
– d) ${var##pattern/replacement}
– Answer: a) ${var//pattern/replacement}
80. What does `${var^}` do in Bash?
– a) Converts all characters in var to uppercase
– b) Converts the first character of var to uppercase
– c) Converts the first character of var to lowercase
– d) Converts all characters in var to lowercase
– Answer: b) Converts the first character of var to uppercase
81. What does the `grep` command do?
– a) Prints files
– b) Searches for patterns in files
– c) Deletes files
– d) Copies files
– Answer: b) Searches for patterns in files
82. Which option with `grep` makes the search case-insensitive?
– a) -v
– b) -i
– c) -c
– d) -n
– Answer: b) -i
83. How do you search for the word “apple” in the file `fruits.txt` using `grep`?
– a) grep fruits.txt apple
– b) grep apple
– c) grep apple fruits.txt
– d) grep “apple” fruits.txt
– Answer: c) grep apple fruits.txt
84. Which option with `grep` counts the number of matching lines?
– a) -n
– b) -c
– c) -l
– d) -o
– Answer: b) -c
85. What does `grep -v pattern file` do?
– a) Searches for lines that contain “pattern”
– b) Searches for lines that do not contain “pattern”
– c) Counts lines that contain “pattern”
– d) Prints the line numbers of matches
– Answer: b) Searches for lines that do not contain “pattern”
86. How do you search recursively in all files in a directory for the word “example” using `grep`?
– a) grep -I example
– b) grep -r example
– c) grep -R example
– d) both b and c
– Answer: d) both b and c
87. Which `grep` option displays the line numbers of matching lines?
– a) -l
– b) -n
– c) -o
– d) -b
– Answer: b) -n
88. How do you use `grep` to print only the names of files containing a match?
– a) grep -n pattern file
– b) grep -c pattern file
– c) grep -l pattern file
– d) grep -v pattern file
– Answer: c) grep -l pattern file
89. What is the purpose of the `-E` option in `grep`?
– a) Enables extended regular expressions
– b) Makes the search case-insensitive
– c) Displays the line number
– d) Searches recursively
– Answer: a) Enables extended regular expressions
90. What does `grep -w pattern file` do?
– a) Searches for lines containing the exact word “pattern”
– b) Searches for lines containing the pattern as part of a word
– c) Searches for lines that do not contain “pattern”
– d) Searches for lines starting with “pattern”
– Answer: a) Searches for lines containing the exact word “pattern”
What does the following script output if `var` is set to “Hello”?
“`bash
Var=”Hello”
Echo “${var} World”
“`
– a) Hello World
– b) var World
– c) Hello
– d) Error
– Answer: a) Hello World
What is the output of the following script if run with `./script.sh arg1 arg2`?
“`bash
Echo “First argument: $1”
Echo “Second argument: $2”
“`
A) First argument: arg2
Second argument: arg1
B) First argument: script.sh
Second argument: arg1
C) First argument: arg1
Second argument: arg2
– d) Error
– Answer: c) First argument: arg1
Second argument: arg2
What will the following script print if the file `data.txt` contains “apple banana cherry”?
“`bash
While read -r fruit; do
Echo “Fruit: $fruit”
Done < data.txt
“`
– a) Fruit: apple banana cherry
– b) Fruit: apple
Fruit: banana
Fruit: cherry
– c) Fruit: apple
– d) Fruit: apple banana cherry
– Answer: c) Fruit: apple
What is the result of the following script?
“`bash
For I in {1..3}; do
Echo “Number: $i”
Done
“`
– a) Number: 123
– b) Number: 1 Number: 2 Number: 3
– c) Number: 1
Number: 2
Number: 3
– d) Error
– Answer: c) Number: 1
Number: 2
Number: 3
What will the following script output if `num` is 5?
“`bash
Num=5
If [ $num -gt 3 ]; then
Echo “Greater than 3”
Else
Echo “Less than or equal to 3”
Fi
“`
– a) Greater than 3
– b) Less than or equal to 3
– c) Error
– d) 5
– Answer: a) Greater than 3
What does the following script do?
“`bash
Echo “Enter your name:”
Read name
Echo “Hello, $name”
“`
– a) Asks the user to enter their name and prints “Hello, [name]”
– b) Prints “Enter your name:” and exits
– c) Prints “Hello, name”
– d) Prints “Enter your name: $name”
– Answer: a) Asks the user to enter their name and prints “Hello, [name]”
What is the output of the following script if `./script.sh Hello` is executed?
“`bash
Echo “Script name: $0”
Echo “First argument: $1”
“`
A) Script name: ./script.sh
First argument: Hello
B) Script name: Hello
First argument: ./script.sh
C) Script name: script.sh
First argument: Hello
– d) Error
– Answer: a) Script name: ./script.sh
First argument: Hello
What will the following script output if executed without any command-line arguments?
“`bash
If [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
Echo “No arguments provided”
Else
Echo “Arguments provided”
Fi
“`
– a) Arguments provided
– b) No arguments provided
– c) Error
– d) $# -eq 0
– Answer: b) No arguments provided
What is the effect of the following script on `output.txt`?
“`bash
Echo “Line 1” > output.txt
Echo “Line 2” >> output.txt
“`
– a) Overwrites `output.txt` with “Line 1” and then with “Line 2”
– b) Appends “Line 1” and “Line 2” to `output.txt`
– c) Writes “Line 1” and then appends “Line 2” to `output.txt`
– d) Deletes `output.txt`
– Answer: c) Writes “Line 1” and then appends “Line 2” to `output.txt